CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level HISTORY

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level

HISTORY (School-based syllabus)

PAPER: 8283 New Zealand History, 1800 – 1900 3 hours





Additional materials: Answer paper


Specimen Paper for syllabus for first examination in 2004


Time 3 hours



INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces provided on the answer paper/answer booklet.

Answer four questions.

You must answer Question 1 (Section A), and three questions from Section B. Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.
If you use more than one sheet of paper, fasten the sheets together.




INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES
All questions in this paper carry equal marks.

You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers.










This question paper consists of 5 printed pages




[ Turn over

Section A



You must answer Question 1.





REASONS FOR THE SIGNING OF THE TREATY OF WAITANGI


1 Read the sources, and then answer the question.




Source A

My view of the Treaty of Waitangi is, as it ever was, that it was the Magna Carta of the aborigines of New Zealand. Your Lordship has requested information in writing of what I explained to the natives, and how they understood it. I confined myself solely to the tenor of the treaty: That the Queen had kind wishes towards the chiefs and people of New Zealand, and was desirous to protect them in their rights as chiefs, and rights of property, and that the Queen was desirous that a lasting peace and good understanding should be preserved with them.
That the Queen therefore proposes to the chiefs these following articles:
• Firstly - The chiefs shall surrender to the Queen for ever the
Government of the country, for the preservation of order and peace.
• Secondly - The Queen of England confirms and guarantees to the chiefs and tribes, and to each individual native, their full rights as
chiefs.
• Thirdly - That the Queen, in consideration of the above, will protect the natives of New Zealand, and will impart to them all the rights and
privileges of British subjects.
I explained the treaty clause by clause at the signing of the same, and again to all the natives in this part of the island. I maintained the faith of the treaty and the integrity of the British Government, and that the word of Her Majesty was sacred, and could not be violated.

Henry Williams, missionary, in a letter to Bishop Selwyn, 1847

[ ∗ The Magna Carta was a 13 Century English constitutional agreement between the King and his nobles regarded as an important statement on the rights of the nobles. ]















2

Source B

The Colonial Office drafted new instructions for the governor, to the effect that some of the more 'savage' Maori customs, such as human sacrifice and cannibalism, should be promptly forbidden and that other, less objectionable customs should be tolerated until overcome by 'example, instruction and encouragement'. The failure to spell out these matters more clearly at Waitangi in February 1840 was not so much a matter of hypocrisy on the part of the British as a reflection of the fact that they had not fully thought out their attitude towards Maori customs and culture. They believed that the country had already been largely purchased by settlers and speculators, and that little short of a miracle would prevent the Maori dying out as a result of colonisation. In seeking to guard against that outcome in New Zealand, British humanitarians and officials thought it futile to try to stem the tide of settlement or to shelter the Maori people and their culture in their own enclaves. Instead, the 'amalgamation' of Maori as quickly as possible into the mainstream of the new society was considered the best course of action

Alan Ward, historian, in his book ‘An Unsettled History’, 1973




Source C

We have not been insensible to the importance of New Zealand to the interests of Great Britain in Australia, nor unaware of the great natural resources by which that country is distinguished. Its geographical position must in seasons, either of peace or war, enable it, in the hands of civilised men to exercise a paramount influence in that quarter of the globe. There is probably no part of the earth in which colonization could be effected with a greater or surer prospect of national advantage.

Lord Normandy, in his instructions to Hobson 1839




Source D

Europeans had been active in purchasing Maori land for some years prior to the Treaty. If the Colonial Office believed that ‘the speculative market for land in New Zealand was out of control, with dire consequences for Maori’, as historian Michael Belgrave argues, the Colonial Office had every reason to believe that ‘Britain could
be drawn into costly military intervention if that market could not be contained’. Such an expense is one that the Colonial Office would have actively avoided. Intervention via the immediate imposition of pre-emption, was necessary to prevent both dire consequences for Maori (feared by the Aborigines Committee and others) and the possibility of the costly involvement of the British military.

Kent McNeil, historian, in his book ‘ Origins of Pre-emption.’ 1985






[ Turn over



3

Source E

Tamati Waka Nene of Ngapuhi spoke at the Treaty. He said that the land had already gone, ‘Is it not covered with people over whom we have no power?’ At one point a Pakeha interrupted Hobson and said that, ‘Mr Williams was not translating a good
half of what the Maori say’. Another Pakeha, Johnson, who understood Maori language said the Maori were saying a lot about the missionaries taking their land, and that Williams was not translating it.

Taken from William Colenso’s Papers 1833-1866, an eye witness at the Treaty signing.




Now answer the following question:



How far do Sources A-E support the view that the Treaty of Waitangi was designed by British Authorities to protect Maori interests?














































4



Section B

You must answer three questions from this section. You must not answer both of Questions 2 and 3.



2 To what extent had Maori dominated the relationship with Europeans up to
1840?



3 How valid is ‘The New Zealand Wars’ as a title for the conflicts that occurred between Maori and Pakeha 1860-1872?

Or
4 How successful were Maori assertions of sovereignty 1855-1900?



5 To what extent did New Zealand possess a developed economy by 1900?



6 To what extent was the emergence of party politics the result of the 1876 dissolution of the provinces?

7 To what extent and for what reasons did the major immigration ‘waves’ of the
1840’s and 1860’s differ from each other?



8 Evaluate the factors that resulted in women gaining the vote in 1893.